In the months following
the carnage
at Gettysburg in July, 1863, there was a movement to turn part of the
battlefield into a national cemetery honoring the fallen of both sides. (Yes,
primary consideration was for the Union dead. But, you know, it was probably
hard to tell some of them apart, and, in the end, every one of them was
somebody’s boy.) By mid-November they were ready to dedicate the burial
grounds.
Those in charge had
invited Edward Everett, former president of Harvard College, former US Representative
and Senator from Massachusetts, former Governor of Massachusetts, former
Ambassador to Great Britain, and former Secretary of State (under Millard
Fillmore), to deliver an address properly commemorating the occasion. Everett
was one of the foremost orators of the day—and it was a day when orators were,
uh, rock stars.
Listen—150 years ago,
there was no streaming media, no IMAX theatres, no high fidelity sound systems,
no—you know—rock stars. Oration was a standard, accepted form of providing both
information and entertainment. Think of them as the infomercials of the 19th
Century. Only they generally went on for longer than 30 minutes. You judged an
orator by how long he held your attention no matter the weather.
Everett was a sure
bet for multiple hours, so he was good value for the event organizers.
They also invited
President Abraham Lincoln to deliver a few “dedicatory remarks”. It seemed like
the thing to do, although he definitely was not the draw. Due to Everett's schedule, the dedication was set for 19 November.
Lincoln wasn’t
feeling well that day, so he would not have been in top form—although in
fairness, even in top form he probably wouldn’t have been rated in the rock
star region. Everett’s speech lasted for two hours (and more than 13,000 words),
and by all accounts was received with acclaim, both from the crowd and the
journalists present.
There was a musical
interlude, and then Lincoln stepped up to speak. There’s some question now as
to the exact wording of his remarks—there are different versions floating
about. But, in comparison to Everett, he’d only just started when he sat down again.
Just a few minutes, just ten sentences. Then the choir sang a dirge and a
preacher pronounced a benediction. Lincoln didn’t hang around, but took the
1830 train back to Washington, with a fever and a headache.
And yet it’s a
stunningly concise summary of the American character at its best, and a
continuation of the simple clarity that marked the documents
of our Founding Fathers.
I don’t know whether
they make school kids memorize and declaim it any more—but if put to the test,
I could probably still call up most of it, because even a school kid can get
it. (By contrast, “It droppeth as the gentle rain” is about all I can recall of
Portia’s quality of mercy speech in The
Merchant of Venice.)
It’s worth you taking
a look:
“Four
score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new
nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.
“Now
we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation
so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a
final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
“But,
in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will
little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what
they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It
is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Lincoln’s brevity
disappointed the crowd, and journalists criticized it along party lines. For a
while it did indeed seem as though the world would little note what he said
there. But we’ve come to recognize that when it comes to encapsulating the
democratic ideals on which this country is founded—the unfinished work towards
which we should continue striving—no one has ever said a truer word than this
speech.
It’s doubtful that
any president—even one with Lincoln’s sensibilities—would get away with
delivering an address like this these days. (Well, but—Lincoln wouldn’t have
been elected these days; doesn’t look
presidential, if you know what I mean.) Peggy Noonan in fact has deconstructed
how modern professional speechwriters would modify, mollify and magnify all the
points necessary to please the maximum number of constituents and piss off the
minimum number of everyone else. (Although these days, doesn’t really matter what
you say—haters gonna hate.)
So take some time to
appreciate that, at one moment in time, we had someone rise to the occasion, speak
from the heart—for all our hearts—and get the hell out when he was done.