The First World
War is one of my research concentration areas as a military historian. It was a
cataclysmic convergence of technological advances, imperial and nationalistic
policies, and just plain unfuckingbelievable stupidity. What a
way to usher in the 20th Century, eh?
Rather oddly, a
lot of poetry came out of those four years—at least amongst the British forces.
Robert Graves, Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon are a few of the best-known. My
favorite, though, is Wilfred Owen, who was killed in action just seven days
before the Armistice of 11 November 1918.
It’s hard to
choose which of his poems to share; every one of them puts you through some
horror that the Western Front vomited forth to everyone in the vicinity of the
trenches. “Anthem
for Doomed Youth” could be applied to any soldiers of any war
But the first poem
of Owen's I ever read was “Dulce et Decorum est”, so that’s what I’m giving you.
One of the
examples of monumental stupidity during that war was the use of lethal gas,
either delivered via artillery or just released. It’s like the morons running
the show never considered that they were surrounded by winds, which can shift and send
your hot-shot latest chemical weapon…well, anywhere, including through
your own lines. Chlorine, phosgene, mustard and other types were all
deployed by armies on both sides. They caused serious damage to individual
pulmonary systems without having any serious effect on strategy. The
descriptions of poison gas victims are not for the faint of heart: imagine
being blind and feeling your lungs being on fire even as they
fill up with fluid and drown you.
The green referenced in the poem is chlorine gas. One of the effects of chlorine gas was to react with fluid in the lungs to form hydrochloric acid, which caused death, or (at a minimum) permanent scarring of the lung tissue. In smaller doses, it caused irritation of the eyes, coughing and vomiting. Chlorine's green clouds made it less effective over time because it could be seen; chemists quickly iterated to come up with something invisible.
But, hey, good news: there are still stockpiles of poison gas on hand in nations around the world, in case someone wants to start a war of territorial expansion. It's a mark of progress, I guess.
In this poem Owen
describes the aftermath of such an attack. It, also, is not for the faint of
heart.
“Dulce et Decorum
est”
Bent double, like
old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of disappointed shells that dropped behind.
GAS! Gas! Quick,
boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And floundering like a man in fire or lime.—
Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some
smothering dreams you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,--
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
If you’re
unfamiliar with the final line, it’s from an ode by the Roman poet Horace. It
translates roughly to, “It is sweet and fitting to die for one’s
country”.